The Importance Of The American Dream In The Great Gatsby

How does The Great Gatsby demonstrate the life or death of the American Dream?The American Dream is an implicit assurance given to all American people, which asserts that any person can aim to new heights by their meritocracy ideologies, regardless of their social class. The Great Gatsby presents the American Dream as a delusion which can never be attained. Several aspects represent the American Dream invalidity such as Daisys personification as the American Dream, Myrtles demise, the meritocracy issue, the manner in which Gatsby is refused entry into the elite class and the green light image. This American Dream illusion is the fundamental Great Gatsby theme. It is also the principal message that the author tries to convey in his†¦show more content†¦Even though he was in love with Daisy, her parents disliked him since he was not wealthy as compared to Tom Buchanan. Due to this rejection, Gatsby reinvents himself by becoming successful and wealthy. The irony nonetheless is that despite his affluence, he is unable to win Daisy back. Her voice also exhibits enthusiasm in the midst of men just the way the American Dream elicits thrill. Besides Jordan states that Daisy was least interested in love even though theres something unique in her voice. Jordan displays Daisys elusiveness and how misleading her voice is. In fact, she suddenly gets distracted by Daisys voice while she is analyzing the situation. This distraction and excitement is the gullibility due to the delusion of winning Daisy and subsequently making sure that the American Dream is attained. It is obvious that Fitzgerald has personified Daisy as the American Dream throughout the novel. Is the American Dream corrupted by the desire for wealth or energized by a desire for wealth? The novel is a symbol of both the corrupted American Dream and the original uncorrupted Dream. Gatsby views wealth and riches as the ultimate solution to all his problems. He subsequently pursues it through dishonest means. He reinvents himself so much to the extent of becoming hollow and detached from his past. His corrupt wealth dream is also inspired by his principled affection for Daisy. His failures do not prove theShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of The American Dream In The Great Gatsby1116 Words   |  5 PagesAmerican Dream, the dream that everyone once aspired to obtain. It came with wealth, power and love. To successfully obtain it would mean that you started off with nothing and you worked your way to the top. The dream was first a very innocent one, it was perceived as you would use the money to buy the necessities such as a house and needs for your family, but later on it slowly transformed into having a mentality of buying luxuries to feel good and show off. The American Dream is a major theme inRead MoreThe Importance Of The American Dream In The Great Gatsby1971 Words   |  8 Pagessettlers stepped foot onto its fertile soil; Many of whom chased the â€Å"American Dream†. But is the American Dream achievable to the average American? Even in the 1900s this was a prominent question as people questioned if the American dream is achievable including FDR. Another one who question whether or not the American dream exist was Karl Marx. Often referred to as the father of Communism, Marxs questioned the â€Å"American Dream† head on in one of the most influential piece of writing the â€Å"CommunistRead More The Great Gatsby - The American Dream Essay767 Words   |  4 Pagesis the character of the American Dream in which, in their respective ways, his principle heroes are all trapped.†, can be justified through Scott Fitzgerald’s novel The Great Gatsby and his short story â€Å"Winter Dreams†. In both pieces of literature, Fitzgerald explores and comments upon Americans and their pursuit of the American Dream through Jay Gatsby and Dexter Green’s pursuit of their â€Å"golden girls†. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Fitzgerald shows that the American Dream is not easily achievedRead MoreThe American Dream in The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald and A Streetcar Named Desire by Tennessee Williams1222 Words   |  5 Pages The American Dream is an ethos idealized by millions of people. It is an attitude and mindset that can promote success and prosperity throughout life. When it comes to the American dream, a significant part is the quest for money. As shown in classic American Literature such as The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald and A Streetcar Named Desire by Tennessee Williams, the influence of money plays an important role throughout both novels. There are characters in both books that use money as a wayRead MoreTheme Of Money In The Great Gatsby1189 Words   |  5 PagesThe Great Gatsby is such a prominent novel of the 1920s. Many authors and critics have written on the impact of the novel even up until today. Fitzgerald expresses multiple themes to show t he time and its importance. F. Scott Fitzgerald, in The Great Gatsby, reveals wealth, hope, and the demise of the American dream as major themes of his novel. Fitzgerald, interestingly enough, brings the importance of money into this novel early and refocuses on it often. Nick starts off the novel saying, Read MoreEssay on Gatsby and Hamilton.1294 Words   |  6 PagesF. Scott Fitzgerald’s novel, The Great Gatsby seeks to highlight the disillusionment of the â€Å"American dream.† Fitzgerald voice’s his disenchantment with the whirlwind pace of the post war jazz age. A decade later many art movements attached to unrest with modern American ideals. Pop arts forefather, Richard Hamilton, capitalized on this idea through his artwork as seen in Hamilton’s most enduring piece, Just what is it that makes today’s homes so different, so appealing? (1956). Both Hamilton andRead MoreEssay on The Great Gatsby1727 Words   |  7 PagesF. Scott Fitzgerald’s novel, The Great Gatsby. The novel is a great part of 20th century literature and is valued for the themes and ideas which Fitzgerald presents, such as the importance of dreams in peoples’ lives, the myth that is the ‘American Dream’, Fitzgerald’s perspective of 1920’s life, and the style in which he portrays his ideas. It is also valued simply as a love story – as an entertaining narrative. In The Great Gatsby, dreams and their importance play a major part in the plot andRead MoreSymbolism in The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald1029 Words   |  4 Pages The symbolism of a book can be a great but yet so small as in the form of a color. In the Great Gatsby, minor things have great importance. In the Great Gatsby, F. Scott Fitzgerald made sure to give great importance to minor details like color and objects. While the theme of the story is that anyone can gain the American Dream the fast or illegal way but always with a consequence, Fitzgerald put great importance into colors and objects. With the most common colors of green, white and yellow showingRead MoreScott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby and John Steinbecks The Grapes of Wrath1720 Words   |  7 PagesScott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby and John Steinbecks The Grapes of Wrath In the novels The Great Gatsby by Scott Fitzgerald and The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck, the authors present similar ideas, but use different methods to portray them. Similarities in themes can be made between the two texts; these include the pursuit of the American Dream and the use and misuse of wealth. Other themes are also central to each novel, the strength in unity and the influenceRead MoreThe Rise And Fall Of The American Dream1643 Words   |  7 PagesThe Rise and Fall of the American Dream United States writer and historian, James Truslow Adams, once defined the American Dream as a life â€Å"better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement,† regardless of social class or circumstances of birth. Both The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald, and Invisible Man, by Ralph Ellison, tell the story of a man and his experiences as he embarks on his pursuit of the American Dream. However, as the novels The Importance Of The American Dream In The Great Gatsby In the world of 2017 it just seems that more and more people fall deeper into poverty. From the south side of Chicago to the streets of Cleveland, to the dumps of Detroit, to the gangs in LA it just seems more and more people keep falling down the never ending hole of poverty and depression. Even their offspring fall into this terrible fate as they fall into the weight of student debt. The United States has been claimed to be the â€Å"land of opportunity† ever since its first European settlers stepped foot onto its fertile soil; Many of whom chased the â€Å"American Dream†. But is the American Dream achievable to the average American? Even in the 1900s this was a prominent question as people questioned if the American dream is achievable including†¦show more content†¦To sum up the classes according to Critical Theory Today writer Louis Tyson in her excerpt â€Å"Marxist Criticism† Marx’s defines the proletariats as â€Å"the homeless, who have few, if any, material possessions and little hope of improvement; the poor, whose limited educational and career opportunities keep them struggling to support their families and living in fear of becoming homeless† (Tyson 1). Marx’s claims that the people of the working class are at a disadvantage from birth. To Marx’s once born into a system of poverty, that person will always be oppressed by that poverty. And should said person chose to offspring, the child they bring into the world will also be in poverty repeating the cycle. Enter Fitzgerald and his â€Å"Valley of The Ashes† a place described by our protagonist Nick as breathing ground for poverty. When recounting his experiences in New York he describes the valley as â€Å"a fantastic farm where ashes grow like wheat into ridges and hills and grotesque gardens; where ashes take the forms of houses and chimneys and rising smoke and, finally, with a transcendent effort, of men who move dimly and alre ady crumbling through the powdery air.† (Fitzgerald 23). When Fitzgerald describes this scenery of the â€Å"Valley of The Ashes† it seems as if the place has been forsaken by the rest of the world; As if it and it’s inhabitants were to work all their lives to dig themselves a whole. TheShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of The American Dream In The Great Gatsby1116 Words   |  5 PagesAmerican Dream, the dream that everyone once aspired to obtain. It came with wealth, power and love. To successfully obtain it would mean that you started off with nothing and you worked your way to the top. The dream was first a very innocent one, it was perceived as you would use the money to buy the necessities such as a house and needs for your family, but later on it slowly transformed into having a mentality of buying luxuries to feel good and show off. The American Dream is a major theme inRead MoreThe Importance Of The American Dream In The Great Gatsby1920 Words   |  8 P ages How does The Great Gatsby demonstrate the life or death of the American Dream?The American Dream is an implicit assurance given to all American people, which asserts that any person can aim to new heights by their meritocracy ideologies, regardless of their social class. The Great Gatsby presents the American Dream as a delusion which can never be attained. Several aspects represent the American Dream invalidity such as Daisys personification as the American Dream, Myrtles demise, the meritocracyRead More The Great Gatsby - The American Dream Essay767 Words   |  4 Pagesis the character of the American Dream in which, in their respective ways, his principle heroes are all trapped.†, can be justified through Scott Fitzgerald’s novel The Great Gatsby and his short story â€Å"Winter Dreams†. In both pieces of literature, Fitzgerald explores and comments upon Americans and their pursuit of the American Dream through Jay Gatsby and Dexter Green’s pursuit of their â€Å"golden girls†. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Fitzgerald shows that the American Dream is not easily achievedRead MoreThe American Dream in The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald and A Streetcar Named Desire by Tennessee Williams1222 Words   |  5 Pages The American Dream is an ethos idealized by millions of people. It is an attitude and mindset that can promote success and prosperity throughout life. When it comes to the American dream, a significant part is the quest for money. As shown in classic American Literature such as The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald and A Streetcar Named Desire by Tennessee Williams, the influence of money plays an important role throughout both novels. There are characters in both books that use money as a wayRead MoreTheme Of Money In The Great Gatsby1189 Words   |  5 PagesThe Great Gatsby is such a prominent novel of the 1920s. Many authors and critics have written on the impact of the novel even up until today. Fitzgerald expresses multiple themes to show t he time and its importance. F. Scott Fitzgerald, in The Great Gatsby, reveals wealth, hope, and the demise of the American dream as major themes of his novel. Fitzgerald, interestingly enough, brings the importance of money into this novel early and refocuses on it often. Nick starts off the novel saying, Read MoreEssay on Gatsby and Hamilton.1294 Words   |  6 PagesF. Scott Fitzgerald’s novel, The Great Gatsby seeks to highlight the disillusionment of the â€Å"American dream.† Fitzgerald voice’s his disenchantment with the whirlwind pace of the post war jazz age. A decade later many art movements attached to unrest with modern American ideals. Pop arts forefather, Richard Hamilton, capitalized on this idea through his artwork as seen in Hamilton’s most enduring piece, Just what is it that makes today’s homes so different, so appealing? (1956). Both Hamilton andRead MoreEssay on The Great Gatsby1727 Words   |  7 PagesF. Scott Fitzgerald’s novel, The Great Gatsby. The novel is a great part of 20th century literature and is valued for the themes and ideas which Fitzgerald presents, such as the importance of dreams in peoples’ lives, the myth that is the ‘American Dream’, Fitzgerald’s perspective of 1920’s life, and the style in which he portrays his ideas. It is also valued simply as a love story – as an entertaining narrative. In The Great Gatsby, dreams and their importance play a major part in the plot andRead MoreSymbolism in The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald1029 Words   |  4 Pages The symbolism of a book can be a great but yet so small as in the form of a color. In the Great Gatsby, minor things have great importance. In the Great Gatsby, F. Scott Fitzgerald made sure to give great importance to minor details like color and objects. While the theme of the story is that anyone can gain the American Dream the fast or illegal way but always with a consequence, Fitzgerald put great importance into colors and objects. With the most common colors of green, white and yellow showingRead MoreScott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby and John Steinbecks The Grapes of Wrath1720 Words   |  7 PagesScott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby and John Steinbecks The Grapes of Wrath In the novels The Great Gatsby by Scott Fitzgerald and The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck, the authors present similar ideas, but use different methods to portray them. Similarities in themes can be made between the two texts; these include the pursuit of the American Dream and the use and misuse of wealth. Other themes are also central to each novel, the strength in unity and the influenceRead MoreThe Rise And Fall Of The American Dream1643 Words   |  7 PagesThe Rise and Fall of the American Dream United States writer and historian, James Truslow Adams, once defined the American Dream as a life â€Å"better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement,† regardless of social class or circumstances of birth. Both The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald, and Invisible Man, by Ralph Ellison, tell the story of a man and his experiences as he embarks on his pursuit of the American Dream. However, as the novels

Organizational Culture And Workplace Norms - 898 Words

Organizational culture defined as a distinct set of workplace, traditions, values, and practices, frequently shape how people behave in their current workplace. Three sources of organizational culture that influence how people behave are known as workplace values, workplace norms, and workplace artifacts. Understanding organizational culture changes how people act in the public workplace. People would behave around coworkers, and supervisors. The interpersonal communication used to talk to the person spouse will be different from how the person will talk to their supervisor. As stated in the textbook, when someone joins an organization, that person becomes socialized into the culture through formal and informal encounter with established coworkers. From experience, if the person does not know the organizations culture, there would be no knowledge on how to act during the professional encounters. From my experience, I am part of the Bolt Support team, and beginning to work there, I wa s first taught the workplace norms. Workplace norms are known as guidelines governing appropriate interpersonal communication and relationships. While working for Bolt support, we are strictly encouraged to greet professor and students who knock on our door with enthusiasm and respect. We want our customers know that we are here to help them, and we love our job. Our communication with our supervisor was different. She would come in and greet us with a hello, and sit down and ask us howShow MoreRelatedDiversity, Diversity And Culture Is The Most Important Strategy That Needs Be Address?1179 Words   |  5 PagesIn international business the topics of diversity and culture is one the most important strategy that needs be address. Making the decision to outsource for profit gain will not necessarily happen if preparation of cultural change is not in place first. What is values and a norms in a company’s country may be offensive to other social groups of people. For example, i n Germany lack of attention to diversity and culture had a serious impacts on Walmart’s position. It build frustrations to both theRead MoreThe Building Blocks Of Society Essay1708 Words   |  7 Pages The building blocks of society are the challenges, values, norms, groups and roles. When there is an awareness of these building blocks a societal group is formed. Our status rank is the position we find ourselves within the group (for example the student vs. the professor). Norms and values are organized through structure (the social order or organization) of the group. When approaching values from a cultural perspective, culture is defined as a cumulative deposit of knowledge, experience,Read MoreValues in the Workplace1483 Words   |  6 Pagesof all times, namely values in a workplace. The topic will be broken down into three parts. The first one will reflect the types of the organizational values and the difference between personal values and those of a workplace. A lso, it will include the reasons that maximize the distance between values leading to different consequences. The second part will examine the possible strategies and methods that may minimize the gap between personal and organizational norms. In other words, I am going to analyzeRead MoreLearning Summary On Organizational Development And Change885 Words   |  4 PagesLearning Summary on Organizational Development and Change The course has given me a clear understanding of what organizational development and organizational change entail. Organizational development is described as an arranged or a planned process that aims at boosting the effectiveness and efficiency of organizational activities. In overall, it aims at achieving the desired goals and objectives (Pieterse Homan, 2012, p. 799). According to Brown (2011), organizational development consistsRead MoreOrganizational Behavior: Corporate Culture1048 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Corporate Culture The study of Organizational Behavior has included an in-depth look at corporate culture to gain an understanding of the diverse variables, namely people. OB, as defined in the text, is the study of individuals and groups in organizations (Schermerhorn, Hunt Osborn, 2005, p. 3). This field of study is considered interdisciplinary because its focus extends to several disciplines: sociology, psychology, anthropology, economics, and political science. Individual performance,Read MoreThe Multicultural Workforce Essay1653 Words   |  7 Pagesall of the available and up-to-date technology. The businesses should also be capable of conducting an effective communication relationship among the company. These important elements are a multicultural workforce within a large company, diverse cultures and how they can work together, communication barriers among the employees, and financial benefits of having a diverse and multicultural workforce. For the success and growth of any company curren tly, these companies need to be familiar with theRead MoreOrganizational Culture At The Workplace1749 Words   |  7 PagesOrganizations as culture are able to create a vision for leaders to use in order to guide organizational objectives. It can also provide a perspective so followers can measure their leader’s performance in achieving the vision. Organizational culture can determine the way employees interact at the workplace and helps guide and give them a sense of direction at the workplace. Through observing Foundation, the following provide examples to demonstrate how Foundation is operating within the culture metaphor:Read MoreLeading By Leveraging Culture : Analysis1123 Words   |  5 PagesRachel Mojica Leading by Leveraging Culture: Analysis The culture of an organization denotes how both employees and their leaders carry out the business strategy and values of the company. While there are many facets to business management, the culture that leadership encourages in the workplace can determine the success, mediocrity, or failure of a business. Therefore, leveraging culture, and how efficacious a culture is, becomes quite critical to accomplishing effective leadership. The implementationRead MoreThe Organizational Behavior And Direction Of Change1061 Words   |  5 PagesSelf-Reflection In my current profession the organizational behavior and direction of change is influenced by the organization’s culture. Organizational behavior occurs in all organizations but and shapes and develops the culture without the employees ever being aware. Culture can be described as the particular roles and values that people are accustomed to in a workplace. Culture can vary from organization to organization. Before taking this course at Cornerstone, organizational behavior and change was an unfamiliarRead MoreThe Impact Of Organizational Culture On Enron s Predicament And Understands How These Behaviors Were Cultivated And Reinforced1460 Words   |  6 Pagesto organization culture. The aim of this paper is to examine the impact of organizational culture on Enron’s predicament and understands how these behaviors were cultivated and reinforced. The organizational culture, strengthened by social control, normalized unethical practices that caused the failure of Enron. The organizational culture at Enron is unique and unconventional. The source of Enron’s stems from the company’s founders Ken Lay and Jeff Skilling. They fostered a culture based on the biological

Accident` by Elie Wiesel free essay sample

Thank you for agreeing to give this interview, between your busy schedules. If you recall, this is my third meeting with you. Well, coming to the point, Dawn, Night and now Accident†¦another heart-rending story! Wiesel:   Fiction, experiencing the reality! Larson: Any more books on the theme of holocaust? Wiesel: Yes and no! There could be any number of books as for holocaust is concerned. If the recorded history tells us that six million Jews perished in the Nazi Concentration Camps etc. it is reasonable to assume that six million books can be written. Each suffering and death is an invaluable story. But a huge majority of the stories will never be told, because not even their graves exist. Larson: Is the accident described in the book real?   Many accidents are reported everyday. What is the difference between those accidents and this one? Wiesel: Every accident is an accident from the secular point of view; but from the spiritual point of view it is an incident. We will write a custom essay sample on Accident` by Elie Wiesel or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Why a particular accident happens at a particular time to a particular individual? This is the question. Larson: Do you connect the suffering of the accidental victim to your own suffering in the concentration camps? Wiesel: To be honest, yes. Anything that abruptly happens in the life of in individual and puts him into a state of unbearable suffering is an accident. We were led to the concentration camps abruptly, when we were least mentally prepared for it. In the accident related in this book, the sufferer did not invite that suffering. It was forced upon him. Larson: Any particular aim of this story apart from the dreaded theme of holocaust? Wiesel: The aim is to show how one adjusts to the state of suffering. Whether one becomes brave or weak internally, is only known to that individual. He is the subject matter for study for many, the psychologist in particular. Lrson: Is it possible for a holocaust victim to get complete satisfaction in life? Wiesel: That’s impossibility. When in company, his attention is diverted and he may experience something that is akin to peace. But the real joy of human life will never emerge in his life. He has undergone a thousand life’s suffering during the holocaust. How can he wipe it out in the remaining part of this life? This suffering will never diminish. Larson: Does the popularity of books give you some satisfaction? Wiesel: Not the type satisfaction which is expected of a successful writer. It has been possible for me to tell something to the world, which should necessarily have been told-I possess that part of satisfaction. Larson: Your protagonist in the book wishes to end his life, unable to cope up with the suffering caused on account of the accident. Did such a thought ever occur to you in the concentration camp? Wiesel: It was not necessary—all of us knew that death was coming. I had to live for my father; he had to live for my sake. Larson: Do you still consider yourself as a traumatized individual? Wiesel: My family doctor says that often, when he refers to the line of treatment he has finalized for me. Larson: What is the place for God in your life now? Wiesel: I belong to the joyless religion of God!—the river of love and tender feelings were flowing in my heart once upon a time! Now the heart is like the barren patch of land. Larson: Any message to the younger generation? Wiesel: The present generation is combustible, and that is good! Live life in its trials, and tribulations its duty and beauty. My humble wish is, may you all get what you deserve!   References Cited: Wiesel,Eie: The Accident Mass Market Paperback: 128 pages Publisher: Bantam (September 1, 1982) Language: English ISBN-10: 0553581708 ISBN-13: 9

Promoting Behavior Change among Teenagers

Introduction Substance abuse among teenagers is increasingly becoming a common phenomenon in the community. Substance abuse involves the use of drugs such as alcohol, tobacco and marijuana. Research on the use of drugs among teenagers indicates that majority begin using the drugs as early as the age of 9 years (Fisher and Harrison 43). The use of drugs among teenagers is responsible for the poor academic performance among those who use them. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Promoting Behavior Change among Teenagers specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Besides, substance abuse has led to an increase in diseases such as lung cancer among teenagers (Fisher and Harrison 56). The efforts made by the government and the parents to address this problem have yielded little results. It is against this backdrop that I intend to organize a social event that aims at sensitizing teenagers on the effects of substance abuse. The Eve nt The Participants The event will be held on 25th of January 2011 at the community’s social hall. The preparations will begin a day earlier. The preparations will involve advertising the event through posters and decorating the venue (Kilkenny 78). The event will start at 9: 30 am and end at 5:30 pm. The speakers will include parents, teenagers and community health officers. The speakers will be asked to volunteer and offer their advice for free. All participants will be asked to carry packed foodstuffs and drinks. However, the guest speakers will be given free food and drinks. Apart from the education, there will be entertainment activities such as singing competitions. The entertainers will be the participating teenagers who have a talent in singing and can volunteer to perform within a short notice. The Agenda of the Event The theme of the event will be â€Å"promoting behavior change through social networks†. The event aims at persuading teenagers to stop substa nce abuse in the neighborhood. The first step will involve sensitizing the teenagers on the negative effects of substance abuse. This will be followed by an explanation on how to cope with the problem of substance abuse. This aims at helping those who are already involved in substance abuse to manage their conditions. Finally, the teenagers will be educated on how to avoid the use of drugs. The education will focus on how teenagers can use social networks such as twitter and facebook to share information on the dangers of substance abuse and how to avoid or cope with it.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Objectives The event aims at achieving three main objectives. First, it aims at creating awareness among venerable teenagers on the dangers of substance abuse. Second, it seeks to equip the teenagers with the knowledge and skills that they can use to avoid substance abuse. The skills w ill also help them to cope with the problem. Finally, the event aims at promoting responsibility among teenagers through sharing information with the help of social networks and peer education. The main goal is to reduce cases of substance abuse among teenagers. Time Table Item Time allocation Speeches 9:30 am -12:00 pm Lunch 12:00 pm- 1:00 pm Group discussions 1:00 pm- 3:00 pm Entertainment 3:00 pm- 5:30 pm Budget Item Cost ($) Remarks Printing posters 150 Fixed Decorating the venue 250 Can be increased if necessary Guest speakers’ food 250 Can be increased if necessary Cost of the venue 300 Fixed Miscellaneous 50 Fixed Total 1000 Works Cited Fisher, Gary and Thomas Harrison. Substance abuse: information for school counselors. New York: Pearson, 2008. Print. Kilkenny, Shannon. The complete guide to successful event planning. New York: Atlantic Publishing Company, 2006. Print. This essay on Promoting Behavior Change among Teenagers was written and submitted by user Maximilian Andrews to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Police Brutatlity

Police corruption is a complex issue. Police corruption or the abuse of authority by a police officer, acting officially to fulfill personal needs or wants, is a growing problem in the United States today. Things such as an Internal Affairs department, a strong leadership organization, and community support are just a few considerations in the prevention of police corruption. An examination of a local newspaper or any police-related publication in an urban city during any given week would most likely have an article about a police officer that got caught committing some kind of corrupt act. Police corruption has increased dramatically with the illegal cocaine trade, with officers acting alone or in-groups to steal money from dealers or distribute cocaine themselves. Large groups of corrupt police have been caught in New York, New Orleans, Washington, DC, and Los Angeles, as well as many other cities. Corruption within police departments falls into 2 basic categories, external corrupt ion and internal corruption. In this research project, I will concentrate on external corruption. Recently, external corruption has been given the larger center of attention. I have decided to include the fairly recent accounts of corruption from a few major cities, mainly New York, because that is where I have lived in the past year. I compiled my information from a number of articles written in the New York Times over the last few years. My definitional information and background data came from books that have been written on the issues of police corruption. Those books helped me create a basis of just what the different types of corruption, as well as how and why corruption happens. Corruption in policing is usually viewed as the mistreatment of authority by police officer acting officially to fulfill personal needs or wants. For a corrupt act to occur, three distinct elements of police corruption must be present simultaneously: 1) mishandling of authorit... Free Essays on Police Brutatlity Free Essays on Police Brutatlity Police corruption is a complex issue. Police corruption or the abuse of authority by a police officer, acting officially to fulfill personal needs or wants, is a growing problem in the United States today. Things such as an Internal Affairs department, a strong leadership organization, and community support are just a few considerations in the prevention of police corruption. An examination of a local newspaper or any police-related publication in an urban city during any given week would most likely have an article about a police officer that got caught committing some kind of corrupt act. Police corruption has increased dramatically with the illegal cocaine trade, with officers acting alone or in-groups to steal money from dealers or distribute cocaine themselves. Large groups of corrupt police have been caught in New York, New Orleans, Washington, DC, and Los Angeles, as well as many other cities. Corruption within police departments falls into 2 basic categories, external corrupt ion and internal corruption. In this research project, I will concentrate on external corruption. Recently, external corruption has been given the larger center of attention. I have decided to include the fairly recent accounts of corruption from a few major cities, mainly New York, because that is where I have lived in the past year. I compiled my information from a number of articles written in the New York Times over the last few years. My definitional information and background data came from books that have been written on the issues of police corruption. Those books helped me create a basis of just what the different types of corruption, as well as how and why corruption happens. Corruption in policing is usually viewed as the mistreatment of authority by police officer acting officially to fulfill personal needs or wants. For a corrupt act to occur, three distinct elements of police corruption must be present simultaneously: 1) mishandling of authorit...

Boiling Point Elevation Definition and Process

Boiling Point Elevation Definition and Process Boiling point elevation occurs when the boiling point of a solution becomes higher than the boiling point of a pure solvent. The temperature at which the solvent boils is increased by adding any non-volatile solute. A common example of boiling point elevation can be observed by adding salt to water. The boiling point of the water is increased (although in this case, not enough to affect the cooking rate of food). Boiling point elevation, like freezing point depression, is a colligative property of matter. This means it depends on the number of particles present in a solution and not on the type of particles or their mass. In other words, increasing the concentration of the particles increases the temperature at which the solution boils. How Boiling Point Elevation Works In a nutshell, boiling point increases because most of the solute particles remain in the liquid phase rather than enter the gas phase. In order for a liquid to boil, its vapor pressure needs to exceed ambient pressure, which is harder to achieve once you add a nonvolatile component. If you like, you could think of adding a solute as diluting the solvent. It doesnt matter whether the solute is an electrolyte or not. For example, boiling point elevation of water occurs whether you add salt (an electrolyte) or sugar (not an electrolyte). Boiling Point Elevation Equation The amount of boiling point elevation can be calculated using the Clausius-Clapeyron equation and Raoults law. For an ideal dilute solution: Boiling Pointtotal Boiling Pointsolvent ΔTb where ΔTb molality * Kb * i with Kb ebullioscopic constant (0.52Â °C kg/mol for water) and i Vant Hoff factor The equation is also commonly written as: ΔT Kbm The boiling point elevation constant depends on the solvent. For example, here are constants for some common solvents: Solvent Normal Boiling Point, oC Kb, oC m-1 water 100.0 0.512 benzene 80.1 2.53 chloroform 61.3 3.63 acetic acid 118.1 3.07 nitrobenzene 210.9 5.24

Endangered Species Reseach Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Endangered Species Reseach - Research Paper Example Human processes such as clearing of forests, poaching, human settlement, building of infrastructure and agricultural expansion have destroyed natural habitats for plants and animals. Destroying natural habitats leads to the extinction of certain species of both plant and animal families (Pimentel, Westra, and Reed). Destroying natural habitats leads to the threat of more plant and animal species to be at risk of further extinction. This paper shall focus its argument on extinction of tigers caused by human processes, which threaten to endanger this species of the animal family. The paper shall discuss the need for human beings to act against extinction crisis facing the world. Human beings are the primary cause of the current mass extinction of species facing planet earth. Scientists predict that if current trends are to carry on, half of all species may become extinct in less than 100 years. Activities such as habitat destruction, climate change and pollution are significantly contr ibuting to this mass extinction. Only a few of the global population are aware of the current mass extinction. This poses a substantial problem to the raising of awareness of mass extinction. Tigers are among the most endangered species in the globe today. There were eight subspecies of tigers known in the world of which three have already become extinct. Tigers live in densely covered grasslands. This assists with their camouflage for prey. Three subspecies of tigers have become extinct: Bali tiger, Caspian tiger and Javan tiger (Burke 22). The remaining subspecies of tiger continue facing endangerment due to actions of human beings. From approximated 10,000 tigers in the world in 1900, tiger population has dropped to an estimated 4000-5000 in the globe. The ever increasing human population and industrial growth lead to competition for land and food between human beings and tigers. Due to the increasing population, human beings become forced to clear land for settlement and in turn destroy the natural habitat for tigers. Due to human encroachment and clearing of natural habitats, tigers become endangered since they become homeless (Burke 23). They get forced to wander into unfavorable habitats, which are not conducive for their survival. Human beings need to practice natural living. This ensures that habitats for plants and animals do not get destroyed to ensure the continued existence of different species (Thoreau 51). The existence of different species within a habitat promotes biodiversity and promotes natural beauty of the environment. It enhances the natural balance between ecosystems promoting healthier lives between living organisms in the ecosystem. Global climate change has contributed to species endangerment and extinction. Climate change has led to destroyed habitats for animal and plant species. Climate change has largely been caused by environmental pollution. Industrial revolution by human beings has largely contributed to environmental pollutio n. Carbon dioxide released by industries into the air contributes to climate change. Climate change affects weather patterns, and this affects habitat growth (Zebrowski 106). Grasslands and forests are prime habitats for plant and animal species. When the natural habitats for species become destroyed, species become homeless and are at risk of getting killed as human encroachment also proceeds. There is the need for habitat protection and creation of reserves

Ron Artest Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ron Artest - Essay Example In spite of these tremendous victories and the immense talent that Ron possesses, he has been destiny's favourite child, in terms of getting into controversies. It all started off when he was playing for the Chicago Bulls. He had applied for a job with Circuit City, in order to avail employee discounts! Next, when he was with the Indiana Pacers, he once attended practise in a bathing towel and he also asked his coach for permission for exemption from practise, in order to promote a music album under his production company! This is not all, the star player has also come under criticism and suspension for destroying a television camera, for getting into verbal duels with coaches and for using fouls. He has even changed the number on his shirt a number of times, which again was a topic of discussion. All these instances portray Ron's bad boy image and has earned him the wrath fo the media and other professionals in his sphere. However, this has not deterred the 27-year-old player from being one of the best defensive players and neither has it dwindled the love of his fans.

The Story Behind Bell Essay Example for Free

The Story Behind Bell Essay â€Å"Mr. Watson, come here. I want you. † These famous words by Alexander Graham Bell were spoken twice – first when the first sentence on the telephone was transmitted, and second when the first transcontinental sentence was exchanged (Feinstein 76, 92). This great genius may be world-famous for his invention of the telephone, but he preferred to be known as something else – the teacher of the deaf (World Book 2001 240). Not only was this brilliant man the creator of the device that transmits speech but also an educator and a very curious human being who desired knowledge and continued to test new ideas throughout his long and productive life. You can see how he changed and influenced the world through the years of his early life, his achievements, his miraculous telephone and its impact on the world, and his other creative inventions. Bell was born on March 3, 1847 in Edinburgh, Scotland (Foster). He was named after his grandfather, Alexander Bell and got his middle name, Graham from a family friend. His father, who was also named Alexander, taught deaf-mutes on how to speak, whereas his mother Elisa was a painter (World Book 2001 240). He was a talented musician, and could play by ear from the years of his childhood which resulted in him receiving a musical education (World Book 2001 240). Bell enrolled as a student teacher in West Howe – which was a boys’ school near Edinburgh – and taught music and speech in exchange for being tutored in other subjects (World Book 2001 240). He eventually started his own school for deaf teachers in 1872, which was one achievement of his in the line of many, although his most important one was the telephone. Ever since he was young, he had a fervent interest in human voice and an ambition for fame and fortune. From the time when Samuel Morse invented the telegraph, Bell was determined to create a new and improved version. In other words, he wanted to be able to transmit human speech. He worked with his partner, Thomas Watson, whom he met at an electrical instrument-making workshop, because he lacked necessary parts (World Book 2001 241). Together, they worked on the creation of the telephone – using a wire, a transmitter, and a receiver. On March 1876, Bell was adjusting the transmitter in the lab of his apartment. Watson was in another room adjusting the receiver, and the door between them was shut. Bell accidentally spilled battery acid on himself, and said those famous words – â€Å"Mr. Watson, come here. I want you,† which Watson heard in the other room through the receiver (Creating America 588). Life flew by for Alexander and Thomas after that. The first telephone patent was issued on March 7, 1876 (World Book 2001 241). The French government awarded Bell the Volta Prize of 50,000 francs, and he used that money to set up more labs, which also meant that he accumulated teams of bright engineers to pursue new ideas (World Book 2001 241, Bellis). Before they knew it, telephones were widely used in the United States. In 1880, more than 50,000 telephones had been sold. A year later, that number changed to 132,000 (Feinstein 89). In 1915, the first transcontinental phone call took place between Bell – who was in New York City, and Watson – who was on the other side of the country, in San Francisco (Feinstein 92). Because this took place, it opened up a whole new level of possibility for Americans. If we could get a telephone call across the country, then why not across the whole world? Today, telephones are widely used, and we all have Bell to thank although not only for this one task. Some more accomplishments of his were when he was elected the first president of the National Geographic Society, and also when he founded the Journal of Science (Ament). Although these achievements may be big, they were not as great as the invention of the telephone. As a result, Bell created the â€Å"Bell Telephone Company† in 1885, which also led to the creation of the â€Å"American Telephone Telegraph Company† (ATT), which still exists today. (Feinstein 89). The invention resulted in Alexander demonstrating his telephone at the Centennial Exhibition in Philadelphia in 1876, and also for Queen Victoria at the Royal Palace (Feinstein 79, 82). Several major scientists at the time saw his exposition, and declared â€Å"Here is the greatest marvel ever achieved in electrical science,† (Creating America 588). Two days after the exhibition, he married Mabel Hubbard and had two daughters – Elsie and Marian (Feinstein 84). They sailed to England and introduced the telephone to the British. The telephone changed the whole world to an unimaginable extent, and it all started with an accident in his lab. Although this creation was one of Bell’s more successful inventions, he also had many that were not as well-known, but were developed with such cleverness that it plainly shows his creativity and hobby for experimentation. Alexander always strived for more knowledge, which meant that he experimented whenever possible. In 1880, he invented the photophone, which transmitted sound over a beam of light (Feinstein 99). He also devised a kite capable of carrying a person, and a â€Å"hydrodome,† which was the fastest boat in the world for several years, travelling at an average speed of 70 mph (Ament). Another one of his well-known inventions was a metal detector, which came in useful when President James Garfield was shot. On July 2, 1881, doctors probed the President’s body with bare and unwashed hands, hoping to find the bullet. They were unsuccessful and called Bell, expecting him to use his metal detector. When Bell first invented this device, he tested it on Civil War veterans who still had bullets in them, and was successful for every single person. When it came to the president, however, it did not work. Garfield eventually died from blood poisoning from the doctors’ filthy hands. After his death, Bell found out that his metal detector was fine, but the springs in the President’s bed had interfered with the functioning of the machine. Many newspapers incorrectly blamed him for the president’s death, but those close to him knew that he had tried his best, and that the death was not his fault in any way (Feinstein 103, 106). Inventing the telephone alone would’ve earned Bell lifelong fame and respect, but he continued to create or improve devices to make the world a better place. Forty-one years later Bell himself passed away. On August 2, 1922, Pernicious Anemia, a blood disease, sadly claimed his life at the age of 75 (Bellis). He is remembered for being the inventor of the telephone, and making the world a smaller place, because friends and family were now just a phone call away. To honor his death, the millions of telephone lines served by the Bell Telephone System in USA and Canada went silent for a whole minute, letting the people remember who invented it and how it dramatically changed the world (Ament). To this very day we can see how Alexander Graham Bell changed each and every one of our lives, and made the world what it is through the years of his early life, his accomplishments, his extraordinary telephone and its impact on the world, and his other astounding creations. He followed his dreams and desires, and told us all to â€Å"Leave the beaten track occasionally and dive into the woods. Every time you do so you will be certain to find something that you have never seen before. † ~Alexander Graham Bell (Feinstein 5).

a separte peace :: essays research papers

Literary Analysis for A Separate Peace   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Having a best friend means not to have jealousy of them, and to not wish to hurt them in any way. From reading this literature book, A Separate Peace, by John Knowles, it proves that statement. The story is about two close friends whose bond becomes ruined by jealousy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Gene felt extremely jealous of Finny. In the beginning of the story, the author tried to describe the inferior feelings of Gene. In the dorm rooms, Gene tried on Finny’s clothes as a symbol of wanting to live Finny’s life. While picking up the shirt, Gene said, â€Å"This is going to be my emblem† (18). That shows that he wants some artifact of Finny’s as his label to describe his personality. Basically, he wants to live Finny’s life.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Finny was a down-to-earth, normal, peace making guy. While Gene played the role of a follower, Finny played the leader. When Finny tried to beat a swimming record and accomplished it, he wanted it to be kept on the low. Gene, on the other hand, wanted everyone to know therefore he would become popular. After beating the record, Finny said, â€Å"By the way, we aren’t going to talk about this. It’s just between you and me. Don’t say anything about it, to †¦ anyone† (36). By showing that Finny has to say something in the first place, he obviously knows Gene’s blabbering side of him. When Gene pushed Finny off the tree, it clearly showed how jealous he was of him. The boys have such an incredible bond that when Gene came to tell Finny that it was him who pushed him out of the tree, he did not even believe him. He said, â€Å"Of course you didn’t do it. You damn fool. Sit down, you damn fool. I’m going to hit you if you don’t sit down† (62). He became so angry and up-tight that Gene would say that, and he truly believed that he would never do anything like that.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After falling out of a tree, Finny was taken to the hospital. When he felt lonely, he called Gene to talk, and to see if Gene had replaced Finny with another roommate. Once Gene answered â€Å"no†, Gelber 3 Finny became mad at himself for even thinking that in the first place.

Standard Costing

Introduction to Management Accounting Lecture: Albert De Jonge Student: John Alejandro Eusse Agudelo Submission date: 20/04/12 Contentpage Introduction3 Standard Cost3 History of Standard Costing4 Disadvantage of Standard Cost4 Advantage and benefits of Standard Costing 5 & 6 The relevance of standard in Brittan and rest of the world6 Overhead 7 Conclusion8 Reference and Bibliography9 IntroductionThis report is based on the relevance of standard costing in Modern Britain, the report will include so fact and evidence that standard costing is relevant or not relevant for a 21st century Britain. To clarify more on this topic and to support my argument and discussion it will be necessary to use empirical evidence such as case studies from social scientist and scholars specialised in the subject. The assignment will focus on how standard costing is relevant in the UK compare to Germany and Japan.The aim of this report will be to present an argument for and against standard -costing. My fi ndings will determine what evidence to use so that, the report will be unbiased and well presented according to the assessment task. Lastly there will be difference between standard price and standard cost, this will be made clear and explain further. My research will be done through Internet source textbooks. Standard Cost â€Å"Standard cost is usually associated with a Manufacturing Company’s cost of material and direct labour and manufacturing overhead†.Standard cost is different from Actual cost because standard cost is an estimate put together, Standard costing is a reliable technique used to manage and improve the performance of an organisation, standard costing can be seen to the same or similar to Activity based costing (ABC) but has often been criticized to be outdates and lost relevance but it was also suggested that the best techniques for controlling cost and performance management is to use ABC and standard costingStandard costing is a management tool use d to estimate the over cost of production assume normal operations in other words, the estimate cost of material, labour overheads and other cost for each unit of production or purchase in a given accounts period. The basic concept of standard costing should be discuss clearly because it form the bases of the argument s to weather standing is relevant or not in the recent times. The charted institute of management Accounting, London, defines standard costing as â€Å"the preparation of standard cost and analysing cost the causes of variation with a view to maintain maximum efficiency in production.From the above definition, there are some key words that needs to be noted and explain for clarity of this report, one of which is standard cost – which is defined by the institute of cost and work Accountants as standard cost are prepared and used to clarify the final result of a business particularly by measurement of variations of actual cost from standard cost and the analysis of causes of variation for the purpose of maintaining efficiency of executive action. History of Standard CostingFor over 100 years, standard costing has been used for valuing stock and work in progress â€Å"some historians say the origins of costing go back even further and have found evidence it was used in American Civil war by quarter master as a means of controlling cost. It doesn’t really matter when the technique was invented what is more important is that it is still in use today† â€Å"In 1989 a survey showed that standard costing was being used by more than 75% of British Industries e. g. brewing, textile, electronics and Pharmaceuticals. Disadvantage of Standard CostThere are many article and books that criticise standard costing as a technique that’s in appropriate as capital intensive industries with high level of fixed overheads. Some Journals articles from the US in recent years indicate in use and although a 100 years old has definitely survive d the test of time. It can be used effectively to those industries which are producing standardised product and are repetitive in nature , examples are transport for London, Salt industries etc. Standard costing is not suitable in situations where a variety of different ind of tasks are being done e. g. this is one of the weakness of standard costing it does not include overheads Standard cost variance report is usually prepared on monthly bases and often is released days even week after the end of month. As a consequence the information in the report may be so stale that it is almost useless. Timely frequent report that are very precise but out of date by the time they are release some companies are now reporting variances and other key operating data daily or even more frequently.If managers are intensive and use variances report as a club, morale may suffer, employees should receive positive reinforcement for work well. Increase in Labour doesn’t necessarily mean productio n will increase because output is depended on processing speed of machine. â€Å"(George Brown 2000) mentions that they can be improvements and changes which may be aided though the monitoring of variance trends though time. Trends may be monitored in order to establish whether the situation is deemed to be in control with variance fluctuating within acceptable limits.Alternatively, the variance trend may indicate an out of control situation which must be investigated with a view to improving and changing product design, production methods. Etc† â€Å"Many candidates are unable to carry out necessary computational aspects of an examination question. This is likely caused, at least in part because of a lack of understanding of physical situation which the data is intended to represent. A further problem is lack of ability to relate the physical information that has been calculated and the discussion about it relevance as a business tool in planning, control etc. Advantage and benefits of Standard Costing The benefits of using standard costing is that it can be used by management and managers as marks against which the performance of an organisation or of a department can be measured, it’s a good control tool for every activity it is not only a cost control tool but also help in help in production planning and decision making policy formulation and allows management by exception. â€Å"(George Brown,2000 ) states that it’s a useful part in management accounting tool kit which has also been increasingly questioned.The extent to which standards have a role to play in modern business is linked to the adaptation of progress, market and policies in changing business environment. â€Å" The rate of change in product type and design due to technological improvements, customer requirements and increased competition has led rapid to change in how business operate. The need to respond to customer demands for speedy availability of products, shorten ing product life cycles and higher quality standards has contributed to a number of changes in the way in which business operate.These include: Just in time system allied to flexible manufacturing systems aimed to ensure that customers demand may be satisfied on a pull though basis. Stock and work in progress Will be minimised and the business operating cycle tailored to cater for the specific customer requirements. Total quality programmes aim at continuous improvement, with the identification and elimination of non value added activities and the effective provision of added activities.Great emphasis on the value chain, from close link with suppliers of input materials and services to identification of customer needs in respect of quality, deliver and changing requirements though time. cost control standard costing system help to improve cost control and cost reduction, This involve the whole process of setting the standards second is a routine comparison and analysis of performanc e and expenditure against these standards and lastly is the ability to express and study the variations in monetary terms and implement corrective measure. (George Brow, 2000) asks what of standards in modern business? Can planning and decision making be accomplished in an effective manner without reference to some standard or based and without recourse to some measurement though time of achievements of, progress towards or variation from such standard or base? What elements of traditional stand cost will still have some relevance?This question has been raised and discussed in a number of areas in which standards may feature:† Right decision making – It provides information to the operational staff, accountant and the management about the expected utilisation of production lines, machines, vehicles, cost, of all activities and raw material & standard processing time. Performance management the target of different individuals, are fixed if the performance is according to predetermined standards.This standard can be used by managers as yardstick against which the performance of an organisation or department can be measured with this the management has no worries, the responsibilities are fixed and everybody tries to achieve his or her target and with hoe the are appraised Benchmarking standard costs are good yard stick for comparison between different plants at different locations standard develop for a production line in manufacturing company A can be compare with standard develop in another manufacturing company of the same production line.Budgeting and planning It helps the management to prepare forecast for the rest of the year and sometimes more year’s e. g 5 years etc. The relevance of standard in Brittan and rest of the world Standard costing is arguably less relevant according to authors and professional in the accounting world this method is out dated and should be replace with more up to date method such as JIT TQM and ABC. The use of standard costing is relevant to an extends however the more current method are prefer and are widely used in most manufacturing company’s. Dr. Reef Lawson, IMA vice president of research and Professor-in-Residence; Jiliang Yang, retired professor from Hong Kong University of Science and Technology; and Pinzhun Ding, IMA senior China advisor, formerly of the PRC Ministry of Finance and the Chinese Institute of Certified Public Accountants (CICPA). These are the researchers that worked on the evolution of the finance and accounting (F&A) function in Chinese companies and management accounting technique (costing practice) they use.The study found significant differences between the costing practices followed by most Western companies and those followed by Chinese companies. † â€Å"It has been claimed that the use of standard costing is less expensive than an actual or normal costing system (Hilton et al. , 2003). Accordingly, standard costing has been widely used for both cost control and product costing purposes as well as to evaluate performance. Overhead Standard costing techniques do not include any overheads because standard costing always include elements for fixed overhead due to a larger percentage or the total cost of a product in manufacturing plants.In this case, there are two ways of approaching overheads treatment when using standard costing in management reporting. â€Å"Whelden (1932) in the first edition of cost Accounting and actual overhead costing methods, simply record the over or under applied overhead as the difference between actual overhead cost and a standard charge to work in progress. † In 1950 W Coutts Donald (CA,FCWA) used the innovation of calendar variance as part of the overhead volume variance.The calendar variance was a self adjusting variance that allowed for the under or over absorption of fixed overhead cost due to the varying number of working hours or days in any given accounting period. Where the bu dgeted fixed overhead was broken down into twelve equal parts, the calendar variance was in effect and used to flex the fixed overhead budget. In this case on a later date it was analysed into expenditure and volume variance. The volume variance was then subdivided into capacity and efficiency or productivity variance.Separate sets of overheads variances for fixed and variable overheads were also calculated. As mentioned earlier, the calculation of a calendar as part of fixed overhead capacity variance was probably the least understood of all variance. The Puxty and Lyall and Drury surveys show that 60% and 89% of respondents respectively, reported an overhead expenditure variance. Much lower numbers (28% and 41 %) reported an overhead volume variance. This could indicate a high level of use of a contribution approach in reporting system. 1) Overhead can be completely I ignoredOr (2) assumed to be fully absorbed by some cost drivers, these are the activities that consumes resources such as machine labour hours the mileage or the truck fleet etc. Conclusion The evidence showed that standard costing is less relevant in Britain because the country is more relying on service rather than manufacturing, The way standard costing as lasted over time also suggest how useful it has been and the alternative option such as TQM,JITand ABC could not replace the standard costing in the near at the moment.It is well known among the social scientist that this process is less common and even less in the United Kingdom because of the lack of manufacturing output in all the sectors compare to other countries such as USA, China, Japan and Germany. The way the report set out it support the argument that standard costing is relevant but the threat of it being extinct is something that need to be considered, even though it as survived many years, it is inevitable that the other method will come into practice more often for the newer generation.

Healthy Eating Habits

As a lifelong fitness enthusiast, I know the great importance of proper nutrition. Still being able to maintain a 30 inch waistline in my middle age, I think that I should have enough proven credibility to give you a few tips on how to build healthy eating habits and make them stick. Physical activity is only 50% of the overall health equation. The other 50% is nutrition. And without healthy eating habits, one will not be able to achieve good health and fitness. So it does depend on what you eat, and in this modern age of convenience and rushed daytime schedules, it’s easy to eat unhealthy.So here are some areas to consider that will help keep you on the right health track. Educate Yourself On Food And Healthy Eating Habits In order to eat healthy, you have to understand which foods are actually healthy and which ones are not. Learn from reading nutrition books and websites. Maybe even consult a dietician to get you started. Quite often, convenient foods are laced with too muc h salt, sugar and other ingredients, which are not considered healthy. These ingredients can often be hidden, so it is important as part of your education to learn to read food labels while at the grocer.Learn what ingredients to avoid, as major components are usually listed first in the food labels. Also verify and compare fat contents since many food items — which are promoted as ‘low fat’ or ‘low calorie’ — might very well still be quite high in fat. Being educated on what is contained within various types of food will help you weed out much of the unhealthy food you otherwise might end up eating. Learn To Substitute Foods And Ingredients In the old days, healthy eating meant a diet of bland-tasting food.I still remember that veggie burger that tasted like cardboard. Those days are thankfully gone as food technology has improved significantly. Many of the lower fat versions of food items (like cheese and frozen yogurt) taste just as good as their standard â€Å"full-fat† versions. One can also still cook great tasting food at home by simply substituting some of the ingredients. For example, use olive oil instead of butter for frying. Reduce salt by adding spices instead. Choose leaner cuts of meat and trim off visible fat before cooking.Something that I’ve done over the years is to drastically cut down on red meats at home and increase my intake of fish and poultry. By learning some great recipes with fish and poultry, I really don’t miss red meat all that much. One of the big areas to substitute is in snacking. Instead of candy bars or potato chips (or other junk food), try nuts or fruit. During the hot summers, I keep a supply of frozen grapes and if I feel the urge to nibble on something, I just grab one or two frozen grapes. Not only are these healthy, they are also refreshing during hot temperatures.Keep Related Goals In Mind In order to help you stick to healthy eating habits once you plan t hem, I find that it helps to keep related goals in mind. For example, each time I look in the mirror I make a point of looking at the condition of my abs. I want to maintain a half decent physical shape so what I see in the mirror is a constant reminder that I have to keep eating well. When I see other people around my age group or even younger than me who are out of shape, I always observe that they are not eating healthy.They usually eat foods that are high in fat. Keeping observant with this helps me even more to keep away from bad eating habits since I don’t want to end up like those poor folks who have let themselves go in that department. Another goal that is more specific is that I want to be able to perform well on the ski slope during the winter and maintain my martial arts all year round. I can generally tie in my overall performance levels in these sports back to my diet as one of the elements required.See if there are any related activities that you want to do wel l that you can somehow relate back to nutrition. Then keeping this top of mind will help you steer clear of bad foods. After all, you don’t want to blame poor performance in your favorite activities partly on bad diet. Be Around Others Who Eat Healthy This last point is related to having others help you in your goals. Sometimes it’s hard to eat right when all of your friends, family members and co-workers eat unhealthy. So make sure that you spend time with other people who already eat well.This will help inspire you to eat healthy as well. You’re basically using teamwork to help you achieve the goal of eating healthy. There’s really no magic in how to build healthy eating habits and make them stick. Good health is long term and the only way to achieve it is through all the little successes that add up when you have another healthy meal and finish another workout. Follow the above tips — as I do each and every day — during your meals and sna ck periods to ensure optimum health.

This Hallowed Ground by Bruce Catton

This Hallowed Ground by Bruce Catton Free Online Research Papers The Civil War remains one of the most discussed events in our Nation’s history. It is also one of the first events we learn as children in elementary school. From there we only learn the basics; such as the war was fought between the North and South parts of the United States and that the North won. Oh and let’s not forget that because the North won thus came the end of slavery. Then, as we go along in school, we learn even more details such as the key players in the war, major events, and important locations. All right, don’t fall asleep just yet. See the reason I bring this up is because even though we’re taught by wonderful teachers we don’t get the real experience; unless you want to join a reenactment groups and dress up in those horrible outfits. If you don’t want to go that extreme and would like to keep it nice and simple you can read a book! Is that simple enough? My book of choice would have to be â€Å"This Hallowed Ground: The Story of the Union Side of the Civil War† (1956) by Bruce Catton (1899-1978). Mr. Catton clearly stated that although the war did not begin over slavery, it became the driving factor. As Catton continues, he writes vividly about industrialization in North America and about the other factors that ultimately lead to the unification of the nation. During the novel Catton clearly plays favorites with his cast of â€Å"leading men†- General Ulysses S. Grant and President Abraham Lincoln are praised; General George Brinton McClellan is not. In this novel, Catton is an expert at tracing the threads of various campaigns; for instance, the Army of the Potomac’s stalemated situation in Virginia is contrasted with Grant’s quick thinking out west with the Army of the Tennessee. He also sees the battle of Antietam Creek rather than the battle of Gettysburg as the moment when the Confederate’s surge took a turn back down south. Some could argue that Catton’s novel focuses on, and is too sympathetic to, the North, and that he portrays the Confederacy as a strong and determined rival making the same effort to preserve its own traditions with their rural ways. When in fact he never really allows the reader to forget that this way of life was found upon slavery. All this leads you to think that, even if the reader hears from critics that he is an unbiased writer, something has touched him personally to feel this way. What that â€Å"thing† is I’m not sure but anyone that feels that they need to, somehow work into the lines how they truly feel is hiding something. For this review, I did a little research on Bruce Catton and other writers like him and found that even though others’ work may show a greater degree of scholarship, Catton’s work more than compensates in its passion and strength. His taste for drama and humorous short amusing tales overrides his ability to evaluate logically the Civil War, but possibly his realistic/romantic view of history is more in proceeding with the age it’s describing. To touch on the subject of the tone of this novel, I must say that it’s not a balanced book, in the sense that it’s focused on the Northern side. However, he do not go back on his word seeing as though it say in the title â€Å"The Story of the Union Side if the Civil War. You’re expecting the book to be this, so Mr. Catton is giving you no more no less than promised. One thing I would like to point out though is that you will find an even greater appreciation for President Abraham Lincoln burden. He seemingly was singly aware among the Northern decision makers of the clear-cut consequences of the action taken to preserve the inexperienced union. While reading this novel I must confess that I did feel rather doubtful of myself. However, once you’ve stuck with this book there’s really no turning back. I surely don’t recommend this book to the faint-hearted, but if a person who love non-fictional history and would like a change in taste, I recommend this book. Bruce Catton has done a spectacular good job in capturing the whole essence of this time. You really do feel like you could have lived in that time. Just one word of advice, take this book seriously and read it careful. Please don’t rush through the book (and believe me you will me tempted) you’ll miss the depth it has and you will definitely regret it when you finish the last page. Research Papers on "This Hallowed Ground" by Bruce Catton19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XHip-Hop is ArtStandardized TestingMind TravelTrailblazing by Eric AndersonThe Spring and AutumnQuebec and CanadaAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeEffects of Television Violence on Children

6 really smart answers to the toughest interview questions

6 really smart answers to the toughest interview questions You’re in a job interview, and have been rocking all the usual questions that come your way. What’s your five-year plan? Tell me about your last job. What brought you to this industry in the first place? Then there’s a question that stumps you a little, and you pause. Uh oh, they’ve hit a gap in your prep, or touched on an uncomfortable subject. How do you deal with questions that you didn’t anticipate? Let’s look at some of the toughest interview questions, and some sample responses.I know everyone has a go-to â€Å"weakness† in these job interviews, but what’s your real biggest weakness?I tend to take on too much myself, because I have high standards and get impatient when others don’t meet them. But I’m working on my delegating skills and learning how to let others do their jobs while I do mine.Why do you have so many jobs on your resume? Do you consider yourself a â€Å"job hopper†?No, I don’t thi nk of it that way. I have been very faithful to my vision when it comes to my career. I have very specific goals, long-term, and have taken advantage of growth opportunities along the way when certain jobs started to feel stagnant. For example, I left XYZ Corp because there was no room for professional development, no chance to be promoted. That’s why I was so excited to hear about your opening here. This is the kind of place I can see myself growing and evolving for a long time.Looking at your resume, you’re awfully senior for this junior-level job. How do we know you won’t jump ship as soon as something else comes along?I’m a big believer that you can’t always take a linear approach to your career, that it’s about the quality of experience rather than the quantity. This job appeals to me because it’s a chance to learn and grow in an area that interests me for the future, so to me that step back in seniority is an investment.It looks like you have a significant gap on your resume, and your cover letter mentioned that you took time off to start a family. Will you be having more kids in the near future?Taking time off was a choice that worked best at the time, but now I’m ready to move forward with the next phase, and focus fully on the next steps in my career. [Note: it’s illegal for interviewers to ask about your family status, so if you get a sneaky question like this one, it’s best to turn it into a general answer without giving specific information about your spouse, your family, your personal plans, etc.]Do you think you’ve peaked in your career?Oh jeez, I hope not! But seriously, I don’t think of a career as an uphill/downhill thing. I try to keep learning new things and finding new and better ways to do my job. So it’s less about being on the way up or on the way down, and more about keeping things moving forward, no matter what.How would you deal with a colleague who threw you under the bus for something that was their fault?Office politics are always fun, right? Seriously, though, I’d start by taking it up with the person directly. I don’t think there’s anything to gain from publicly humiliating anyone, even if they just tried to do it to me. I’d also make sure that my boss privately understands the reality of what went on- what my role was in the issue, whether I shared any of the blame, or what I did to help resolve the problem.If you’re facing challenging questions, don’t stress out too much, and don’t let yourself get that â€Å"deer in headlights† look. The most important thing is to pivot the question into familiar territory- especially if you can use it to highlight one of your strengths, or emphasize your goals.

Analysis of Watson's theory Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Analysis of Watson's theory - Research Paper Example This short essay will explore few of Watson’s ten (10) carative factors including how each of these factors can be applied in the practice of nursing. After providing the concept statement, the phenomena behind the need to care for the patients as a person, the environment, health issues, and nursing as a profession will be tackled in details followed by discussing the philosophies behind Jean Watson’s theory. Prior to conclusion, the caring model as a conceptual model in nursing will be explored accordingly. The metaparadigm in nursing is actually composed of four (4) major concepts known as: â€Å"person, environment, health, and nursing† (Daly et al., 2005, p. 137). Under the metaparadigm of nursing, person is pertaining to the patients. According to Watson, a person is in good health provided that his mind, body, and spirit are in harmony (Kim & Kollak, 2006, p. 301). For this reason, nurses should not only apply the principles of humanity into their job but also make sure that the physical environment where the patient is resting is suitable for their fast recovery. Since nurses are directly serving the needs of the patients, Watsons strongly suggest the need for nurses to apply the use of â€Å"humanistic approach to nursing† (Kim & Kollak, 2006, p. 301). To be able to deliver a humanistic approach in nursing, Watson’s ten (10) carative factors can be used in guiding the nurses on how they can effectively promote the health and wellness of each patient. For example, the third carative factors suggested by Watson stated the need to â€Å"cultivate sensitivity to one’s self and to others† (Daniels, 2004, p. 61). It means that the nurses should at all times be considerate of the patients’ feelings. Therefore, nurses should avoid saying something that can be harsh or emotionally disturbing on the part of the patient. Instead, nurses should make it a habit to treat each patient with respect. With regards to the environment, Watson explained the

Risk Tolerance & need to diversify Research Paper

Risk Tolerance & need to diversify - Research Paper Example Large Company stocks, also referred to as blue-chip stocks or large-cap stocks, refer to the stocks of large publicly traded companies (Leach and Melicher, 2011, p.249). Long term corporate bonds in most cases refer to debentures which offer a higher yield compared to other investments but investors of such bonds are prone to interest risk and credit risk. Long term government bond refers to those bonds which mature in more than 10years. US Treasury bill is a transferable debt contract issued by the US Government that ensures trust and fulfillment of claim of receivable return at the end of the period. Such investment is made for a period of one year or less than one year, and is exempt from local and state taxes (Boston Institute of Finance, 2005, p.105). If my decision is to invest in the current portfolio of mix of stock, bonds and treasury bills in equal proportions, despite of the divisions between fixed earnings and volatility of earnings of the securities, the entire portfolio would give an average (avg.) expected return of 14.78%, with risk of 8.88% associated with it, as per time horizon and risk tolerance. Impact on future Investment Decisions The decision of future investment and formation of portfolio with diversification depends on the characteristics of the investor, the characteristics of the securities in the portfolio and its risk return trade-off which will determine the proportion of investment to be made in each security, observation of the historical performance of the securities, and the time horizon of investment. An investor can be broadly classified into risk averse investors, risk prone investor, and risk neutral investor, based on their degree of risk preference. Risk averse investors prefer security to earnings than risk accompanied by high returns. Such investors prefer to invest more in bonds and treasury bills which will carry a guarantee of return at the end of period with low risk; as such investors try to avoid risks. Some inve stors who prefer to bear risk and avail the high return associated with it belong to a class of risk prone investors. Such investors prefer to invest in risky securities with high returns, such as equity, so as to avail the benefit arising out of it. There is another class of investors known as risk neutral investors, as they do not make any differentiation between debt and equity and opt to invest equal proportion in each (Haslem, 2009, p.158). If I am a risk averse investor, I shall prefer maximum investment in treasury bills and bonds, as this will assure a fixed percentage of returns at the end of the period with low risk associated with it. Thus, 80% of the investment is to be made in treasury bills and bonds, and 20% in company stocks. The proportion of investment in long-term corporate bonds differs from long term government bonds and US Treasury bills, as because long term corporate bonds is a bit risky than the others. If I am a risk neutral investor, I shall prefer equal p roportion of investment in both stocks and bonds (i.e. bonds and treasury bills), with an expectation that if return from stock is higher I shall benefit from my investment, and, if investment in stock fails to provide return, then benefit earned from the fixed income bearing securities would help to offset some portion of the loss. If I am a risk prone invest

Physiology Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Physiology - Case Study Example This condition is known to cause nerve problems which may be responsible for her numbness and weakness on the lower limb. Since she might be suffering from inflammation in his pelvic or cervical region, this may result to elevated body temperature referred to as fever. Fever causes disruption in the body thermal balance causing chills which is responsible for shivering in patients. In addition, the presence of inflammation results to generation of neutrophil from the bone marrow with reduced maturation time. Toxic granulation in the body therefore occurs due to the accelerated maturation of neutrophils in response to cases of acute inflammation (Crowley 72). This will help the medical practitioner figure out if it is a recurrence case, how developed it is or if it is genetically linked (Fogel & Nancy 610). Past medical and drug history will help determine if it is an allergic reaction and any know the form of treatment previously done on the patient. This involves checking for vitamin deficiencies, abnormal immune response or presence of toxic elements. Vitamin deficiency can cause general body weakness, anemia, loss of appetite and neurological problems e.g. lack of vitamin B12 and vitamin D (Fogel & Nancy 209). Elevated levels of white blood cells signifies the presence of an infection or inflammation while toxic elements from pesticides are known to cause neurological problems. The blood test would help rule out certain conditions that are known to cause some of the symptoms depicted seen on the girl. 3. The pelvic exam revealed a foul-smelling discharge. What might this indicate? Might this condition be related to the loss of lower motor control? What might the sedimentation rate and the WBC’s indicate? A foul smelling discharge detected by pelvic examination is an indication of presence of infection in the pelvic region. The infection can

Introduction To Disaster Management

Introduction To Disaster Management Disasters are seen as the effect of hazards on vulnerable areas. Hazards that occur in areas with low vulnerability do not result in a disaster. Great damage, loss, destruction and devastation to life and property are the results of Disasters. The immeasurable damage caused by disaster varies with the geographical location. In the concerned areas disasters have the following effects: It completely upsets the normal day to day life. Harmfully persuade the emergency systems Depending on the intensity and severity of the disaster the normal needs and processes are badly affected and deteriorated. Disasters are the effect of hazard on vulnerable or defenseless areas. Hazards that occur in areas with low vulnerability do not result in a disaster. 1.1.2 Types of Disasters: Disasters can be classified as: Natural disaster Human-Made disaster 1) Natural Disasters: Natural disasters are the result of biological, geological, seismic, hydrologic or meteorological conditions. They are a threat to, people, structures and economic assets Few examples are: Earthquake Cyclones Hurricanes Floods Landslides 2) Human-Made Disasters: Human-made disasters are Emergency situations which are the results of deliberate human actions. They involves situations in which people suffers casualties, losses of basic services and means of livelihood. Few examples are: Oil Spill An airplane crash War Civil strife Major fire 1.1.3 Difference between EMERGENCY and DISASTER situations: A situation in which community is CAPABLE of coping is EMERGENCY. Emergency situations are generated by a real occurrence of events that require immediate attention of emergency resources. A situation in which community is INCAPABLE of coping is DISASATER. Disaster situations are natural or human-caused events which causes severe negative impact on community. 1.2 WHAT IS A HAZARD? 1.2.1 Definition: Hazard is a chance or possibility of being injured or harmed. OR Hazard is the possibility of laying yourself open to loss or misfortune. Hazards can be classified into two Modes: Dormant Mode Active Mode 1) Dormant Mode: The situation that has the potential to be hazardous, but no people, or environment is currently affected by this. For example: An unstable hillside, has a potential for a landslide but there is nothing below or on the hillside that could be affected. 2) Active Mode: An incident in which hazard has actually occurred, creating an Emergency situations or Disasters. Classification of Hazards: Hazard can also be classified as: Natural Hazard Man-Made Hazard Natural Hazard: Definition: These hazards are caused by a natural process. Examples of some Natural hazards are: 1) Volcanic Eruptions: Ashes and different toxic gases are expelled through volcanoes from deep inside the earth 2) Droughts: A part of a land suffers from lack of rain during specific period of time which causes severe damage to the crops, soil, animals and people also. 3) Tsunamis: Very large waves which caused by an Earthquake, Volcanic eruptions smashes into a shore. 1.2.4 Man-made Hazard: Definition: These hazards are created by humans. Examples of some Man-Made hazards are: Global Warming: Projected increases in the Earths atmospheres average temperature. In the 20th century the Earths average temperature rose about 0.6 degree Celsius. Crime: It is a kind of Sociological hazard. Crime is a breach of laws and rules. For example Breach of contract. Industrial Hazard: It is a kind of Technological hazard. Industrial hazards often have an environmental impact. For example Bhopal Disaster ( worst industrial disaster to date). 1.3 VULNERABILITY, CAPACITY AND RISK: 1.3.1 Vulnerability: Definition: Susceptibility of a person, group or society to physical or emotional injury. OR Person or group liable to injury. As far as Hazards and Disasters are concern, the concept of Vulnerability is to link the relationship that people have with their environment to social forces and institutions and the cultural values that sustain them. 1.3.2 Capacity: Definition: Within a community all the available resources, that can reduce risk level and disaster effects. Frequent term used in Disaster is Capacity building. Capacity building is the efforts to develop human skills within a community to reduce risk levels. 1.3.3 Risk: Definition: Occurrence probability of a hazard that trigger a disaster with an undesirable outcome. Risk involves an exposure to a chance injury or loss. Risk generally described in terms of probability. Risk can also be defined as the probability of a loss, risk depends on three elements: Hazard Vulnerability Exposure 1.4 DISASTER MANAGEMENT CYCLE: 1.4.1 What is Disaster Management? Main idea: To prevent disasters wherever possible or to mitigate or lessen those disasters which are inevitable. Through Public awareness and Hazard management disasters could be prevented or mitigated. 1.4.2 What is Disaster Management cycle? Definition: Disaster Management Cycle is a cycle which has phases to reduce or prevent disasters. It is a cyclic process it means the end of one phase is the beginning of another phase, although next phase can be started before the completion of previous phase. Some times several phases are taking place concurrently. During each phase, timely decision making can results in greater preparedness, better warnings, and prevent further disasters. The complete Disaster Management cycle includes the shaping of public policies and plans that addresses the causes of disasters and lessening their effects on people, property and infrastructure. 1.5 PHASES OF DISASTER MANAGEMENT CYCLE: Disaster Management Cycle has four phases: Phase 1- Mitigation Phase 2 Preparedness Phase 3 Response Phase 4 Recovery 1.5.1 Phase 1 Mitigation: 1.5.1.1 Goal: The Goal of Mitigation activities is to get rid of or reduce the disaster occurrence probability, or to mitigate the effects of unavoidable disasters. Definition: Mitigation refers to all actions taken before a disaster to minimize its impacts. Example: Public education Building codes and zoning Mitigation includes: Reviewing building codes Zoning and land-use management Implementing preventative health measures There are two types of Mitigation activities: Structural Mitigation: It refers to constructing projects to reduce economic and social impacts. Non-structural mitigation: They are the policies which raise awareness of hazards. Non-structural mitigation activities also encourage developments to lessen disaster impact. Through Mitigation we can educate businesses and public in order to reduce loss or injury. At home Mitigation activities: In your home Strengthening vulnerable areas such as roof tops, exterior doors and windows. In your home build a safe room. 1.5.2 Phase 2 Preparedness: 1.5.2.1 Goal: The goal of Preparedness activities is: for any emergency situation, achieve a satisfactory level of readiness through programs that support the technical capacity of government. 1.5.2.2 Definition: Preparedness activities are the Plans/preparations made to save lives or property. 1.5.2.3 Preparedness includes: Implementation/operation Systems of early warning. Preparedness plans Emergency exercises Emergency communication systems Public education Through early warning systems people will react appropriately when any early warning is issued. Preparedness actions depend upon the incorporation of suitable measures for development plans at national and regional level. To save lives and minimize disaster damage, individuals, government and organization develop plans and this all is done in Preparedness phase. 1.5.2.4 Disaster Preparedness and Disaster Mitigation: Disaster mitigation and Disaster Preparedness go hand in hand. To ensure that existing infrastructure can withstand the forces of disaster, disaster preparedness includes implementation of mitigation measures. 1.5.3 Phase 3 Response: 1.5.3.1 Goal: The goal of Response is to give instant assistance to maintain life, improve health and hold up the morale of affected population. 1.5.3.2 Disaster Response includes: Assisting refugees with transport. Give temporary shelter and food. Establish semi permanent settlement in camps. Repairing damage infrastructure. The basic needs of people are more focused in Response phase until permanent solutions can be found. 1.5.4 Phase 4 Recovery: 1.5.4.1 Goal: To help people restoring their lives and infrastructure as soon as possible. 1.5.4.2 Types of Recovery Activities: Recovery activities can be: Short term recovery activities Long term recovery activities Until all system return to normal or better, recovery activities continues. 1.5.4.3 Recovery activities in disasters include: Building Temporary housing. Public information. Educating public about Health and safety education. Concealing programs for people. Reconstruction Economic impact studies From recovery to long-term sustainable development there should be smooth transition. DISASTER MANAGEMENT CYCLE AND EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM: 1.6.1 EMS: EMS is the acronym for Emergency Management System. EMS can facilitate the effective management of Disasters. Information Technology can improve the system of Disaster Management and support all the phases of the DMC (Disaster Management Cycle) 1.6.2 PHASE I: Mitigation and Prevention: To reduce the impact of disasters, effective Disaster Management plays a key role. Disaster Management uses different effective technological tools to help the process of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation. For example: Tracking system: the cargo of Hazard Management (HAZMAT) can be track by advance Vehicle-mounted hardware and when shipment carrying Hazardous materials deviates from its route centers of Disaster Management issues notification to management centers. Inventory systems: For any emergency situations Inventory Systems ensures that the suffient supplies are available. It monitors the inventory levels of important equipment and supplies and maintain the record of important supplies on regular basis in form of Databases. Detection: For detecting and monitoring the hazardous cargo, Roadside Detectors are used. These Roadside detectors also confirm that cargo is not deviating for its route. 1.6.3 PHASE II: Preparedness: Preparedness deals with the development of plans before any emergency or disastrous situations. Emergency management system helps Phase II of DMC via technological services like: Telemedicine: It is a connection between ambulances which are responding and emergency medical facilities available very near. By using telemedicine doctors can give advices to medical personnel for the treatment of those patients who are on the way to hospital. Advanced ACN: Advanced ACN is the acronym for Advanced automated collision notification. They inform emergency personnel through vehicle mounted sensors and wireless communication about incidents like collisions or crashes. They also tell the incidents exact location and characteristics. 1.6.4 PHASE III and IV: Response and Recovery: To provide immediate help or assistance to the population affected by disasters is the Goal of Response Phase. While the Goal of Recovery Phase is the restoration of peoples live as soon as possible after the disaster or any emergency situation. Emergency management System with the help of Technology can help the Response and Recovery phases through different systems and software like: Scheduling and Coordination software: In order to make the response process organized, structured and efficient complicated scheduling system can monitor and coordinate many response activities. Early Warning System: In transportation infrastructure a vast variety of sensors are used which provide an early warning systems. This early warning system used to detect large-scale disasters and emergencies and also man-made disaster or technological disaster. Large-scale disasters include earthquakes, tsunamis etc and man-made or t echnological disasters include HAZMAT incidents, act of terrorism, nuclear power plant accidents. Response management: Emergency vehicle fleets can be track by Response management by using the technology of Automated vehicle location (AVL) and two-way communication between dispatchers and emergency vehicles. Chapter No:2 TYPES OF DISASTERS: 2.1 INTRODUCTION: According to [11] CRED (Center for Research on the Epidemiology of Disaster), Belgium, defines Disaster as: A disaster is a situation or event which overwhelms local capacity, necessitating a request to a national or international level for external assistance OR Disaster is also defined as Great damage, loss or destruction results from a sudden catastrophic event. Many [11] different types of events like weather or earths geology are represented by Disasters. There exist a close association between a disaster and extreme weather events like cyclones, floods, tornadoes etc. The database of disaster events are maintained by CRED. It maintained the disaster events from 1900 to present. Possible causes of increment in disasters: There [11] are many causes for increase in disasters but some common causes are as under: Environmental changes related to economic development may affect the potential for disasters. Change of Global climate from the build-up of greenhouse gases may lead to a greater frequency of extreme weather events (heat waves) in the future, as well as sea level rise. Several existing coastlines may be threatened in this event. Industrialization without controls may increase the risk for technological disasters. Consumption of fossil fuels with industrialization. 2.1.1 What are the Types of Disasters? Disasters can [1] be broadly classified according to their: Causes Natural or Man-made disaster Speed of onset Sudden or Slow Earthquakes, Cyclones, Tsunamis are the examples of Natural disasters. The two most common examples of Man-made disasters are The Bhopal gas release and the Chernobyl nuclear accident. Forest fires (initiated by man) may be another example. There can be a sudden onset or slow onset of disaster. Sudden or Quick onset of disaster means they can occur suddenly in time and slow onset of disaster means they may develop over a period of time or gradually. 2.2 NATURAL DISASTES: 2.2.1 Definition: Natural [1] disaster occurs naturally in proximity to, and pose a threat to people, structures or economic asserts. They are caused by biological, geological conditions or processes in the natural environment for example cyclones, earthquakes, tsunamis, floods etc. Few examples of Natural disasters are: Earthquake Tsunamis Flood Cyclone Now I will discuss above Natural disasters. 2.2.2 Earthquake: Earthquake is the vibration of earths surface due to underground movements. Earthquakes also called as tremor or temblor. Sudden release of energy in the earths crust leads to a natural disaster called Earthquake. This sudden release of energy waves are called as seismic waves. Epicenter of earthquake is called as the origin point of these seismic waves. Among the most unpredictable natural disasters people can experience, Earthquake is the one. During earthquakes tens of thousands of people are put in danger. Some International Statistics of Earthquake: More than half a million deaths worldwide caused by Earthquake between 1999 and 2009. Each year more than one million Earthquakes occur worldwide. Measurement of Earthquake: To measure the size of an Earthquake there are many ways. Some of these ways depend upon the damaged amount caused by the Earthquake and some depend upon seismic energy generated by the earthquake. To measure earthquake there are two scales which are very popular: Seismographs Richter scale Seismographs: Seismic waves are generated by Earthquakes these waves can be detected by a sensitive instrument called Seismograph. Nowadays Digital seismographs are high-technology seismographs which can record ground shaking over seismic amplitude and covers broad band of frequencies that is why they are also called as Broadband Seismograph.The study of Seismograph is called as Seismology. Richter scale: Earthquakes intensity and magnitude can be represented by Richter scale. If the intensity of earthquake is 3 on a Richter scale then that earthquake is not harmful. Extremely harmful earthquake has the reading of 7 or above on the Richter scale. Nowadays modified versions of Richter scales are used for earthquake measurement throughout the world. Richter scale is also called as Richter magnitude scale because it measures the magnitude of earthquake. 2.2.3 Tsunami: Ocean [1] wave generated by submarine earthquake, powerful volcanic eruption or underwater landslide is called Tsunami. Tsunami [12] often generated by earthquake in a subduction zone (an area where an oceanic plate is being forced down into the mantle by plate tectonic forces). Tsunami also called as seismic sea wave. Sudden Large displacement of water causes Tsunami. Tsunami travels at a great speed across the open ocean and builds into large deadly waves in a shallow water of a shoreline. Tsunamis consist of multiple waves with an extremely low period and wavelength. The [1] largest earthquake event recorded in Samoa was on 26 June 1917, measuring 8.3 on the Richter scale. The event originated in Tonga (approximately 200km south of Apia) and it triggered a tsunami of 4 to 8 metre run-ups in Satupaitea, Savaii. The tsunami arrived less than ten (10) minutes from its point of origin, meaning it travelled at a speed of more than 1,000km/hr. Hence, when an earthquake occurs, you must listen to the tsunami warning, for example, people living in low-lying coastal areas must relocate to higher and safer grounds immediately. Tsunami speed: Tsunami in a pacific ocean can travel at speeds up to 450mph (half of the speed of sound). The height of Tsunami waves are about 30 to 100 feets. Damage caused by Tsunami: Substantial [13] amount of damage can be caused by Tsunamis. Entire coastal villages can be destroyed by a single Tsunami. It can remove all the sand from the beach sand which took hundred of years to accumulate. Safety: The approach [13] of Tsunami can be determined by many technological methods but nature has its own methods of warning people. If in a certain area the coastal water is abnormally high or low, then this is the warning for Tsunami. 2.2.4 Floods: Flood occurs when [1] large amount of water flow from river or from broken pipe onto a previously dry area. The origin of flood can be very [11] quick or they may develop over a period of days or weeks following an extended period of rain or quick melting of snow. Flash flood have sudden onset. Drowning is the main hazard from flooding. This is most common in flash flood. The common risk factor for flash flood victims is driving in an automobile, many victims of flash flood drown within their vehicle. Health concern from flooding: A longer [11] term health concern from flooding is the development of disease from inundated sanitation stations. Large floods pose a hazard to existing sanitation and drinking water systems. Importance of Flooding: For [1] local ecosystem, flooding can be environmentally important. For example some river floods bring nutrients to soil such as in Egypt where the annual flooding of the Nile River carries nutrients to otherwise dry land. Flood also affect economy. How to mitigate impact of flood: pre-event [11] measures: early warning for flash flood events public education on flood hazards like automobile driving post-event measures: maintaining proper sanitation system proper control of population 2.2.5 Cyclones: Chapter no 3 THE ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY IN DISASTER MANAGEMENT: INTRODUCTION: The Advanced Information Technology plays a great role in planning and implementation of different measures for the reduction of hazards. The advanced information technology includes: GIS Remote Sensing Satellite Communication Internet The quality and analysis power of natural hazards can be update by Geographic Information System (GIS). In the selection of mitigation measures GIS can direct development activities. The identification of hazardous areas and before time warning for many future disasters can be done by Remote Sensing Communication satellites contribute a lot to provide communication in emergency situations and timely relief measures. For hazard reduction the addition of space technology inputs into monitoring of natural disasters and mechanisms of mitigation is very important 3.2 WHAT IS EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT: The management of emergencies concerning all hazards, including all activities and risk management measures related to prevention and mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery. Emergency management can rebuild and restore society back to functional level in no time after a disaster. The basic purpose of emergency management is to: 1) Save as many lives as possible 2) To protect and preserve the environment 3) To protect the economy 3.2.1 Emergency Management System: Definition: It is a technological tool used to improve and enhance the Emergency Disaster Management. Emergency management system can help Disaster Management in several areas, such as: Materials: To ensure that the warehouse is stock with all the items needed for national survival in any disaster, before any overseas help arrival. Manpower: In first aid and shelter management train personnel. Evacuation Plans: Testing of General disaster and Evacuation plan. Communication: To establish reliable Communication system. Transportation: To establish effective Transportation plans for example transportation through air which facilitates the food delivery supplies process to the victims of affected areas which are cut-off from any vehicular traffic. Examples of Emergency Management System at work: Management of Hazardous Materials (HAZMAT): By means of Air, Sea and Land, EMS provides secure transportation of dangerous and hazardous materials. EMS uses special devices for tracking the shipment of HAZMAT. Emergency medical services: EMS notifies the emergency personnel with important and valuable information on emergency incidents. For example EMS is equipped with automated collision notification system to detect vehicle collision. Recovery and Response: EMS has efficient Sensors which can detect natural disasters and warn population before hand. IN DISASTER MANAGEMENT, APPLICATION OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY: Through Information Technology the suffering of the disaster victims can be minimized. There are several tools of Information Technology which are useful in the management of any disaster. In this Report I am focusing the following Information Technology tools used in Disaster Management: Geographic Information System (GIS) Remote Sensing Global Positioning System (GPS) 3.3.1 GIS in Disaster Management: 3.3.1.1 Introduction: GIS is the acronym for Geographic Information System. For Disaster Management GIS can work in many ways, such as: They are the kind of information system which are well capable of storing, integrating, analyzing, editing, sharing, and displaying the information which is geographically-referenced. GIS can create the interactive queries, edit data and different maps and can easily present the final results of all these operations. The quality and power of analysis of assessments of natural hazards can be improved by GIS. In the selection of mitigation measures, emergency preparedness and response action, GIS also guide and assist different development activities. Applications of GIS: For the following activities GIS applications are very useful. Creation of hazard inventory map: At all the district and inter-municipal levels, the developmental projects pre-feasibility study can be very efficiently done by GIS. To locate important facilities: Through GIS we can take information on physical locations of drains, shelters and other physical facilities. Management and Creation of associated Database: Planners can make projects at feasibility level. These projects can used to make risk maps for existing cities, disaster preparedness planning and relief activities after disaster. Vulnerability assessment: To expand Disaster Management organizations by creating awareness of disaster with government and public is done by innovative and interactive technology tool GIS. Emergency shelters and the use of GIS: Shelter [1] operators use GIS technology to take the personal details of persons being housed at the shelters. GIS technology would also give information to the shelter operators on the general makeup of the shelter like that how many children, adults, disable or any special occupant are in the shelter or need shelter. Relief Distribution and the use of GIS: GIS generate maps of the affected areas where bunch of victims are located then with the help of these maps food drops processes will take place. These maps will also identify the unique needs of persons within these bunches. Vulnerable areas: The areas which are prone to disasters are highlighted by GIS. This will help the disaster managers to do planning before the occurrence of disaster and it also facilitates the coordination of efforts during and after the event. GIS Advantages: There are more advantages of GIS than challenges. Some GIS advantages are as under: It can [1] represent spatial information over a wide geographic area. To take more detailed view of contents GIS uses 3D graphics. Integration of different information of geo-spatial can be facilitated by GIS. Information of geo-spatial includes maps, models and other forms of graphics. GIS distributes updated informaton. It also efficiently analyzes, collects and manage that information. For individuals who wants to use GIS only little tranning is required. This feature of GIS makes it versatile and easy to use. 3.3.1.4 Challenges of using GIS in Disaster Management: GIS [1] can sometimes reveal personal and people-specific information which can significantly affect peoples life. Form GIS information sometimes vital and hard decisions have to be taken in the best interest of affected people. To get the output which is meaningful and useful from the system, large amounts of inputs are required. GIS delayed the decision making process during emergency because it require huge amount of information and vast amount of time to analyze that information. Disaster Management Cycle and GIS: Planning: To [1] realize the need for planning which is based on the present risk is the most important stage of DM. For forward planning GIS plays a key role. GIS provides a structure for disaster managers to view spatial data by computer based maps. Mitigation: For structural and non-structural mitigation, GIS can play very important role. Areas which are at risk are spatially represented by GIS. GIS also identifies the risk level associated with particular hazard. Disaster managers use GIS to determine the level of mitigative structures that should be in place given the vulnerability of an area or population. Preparedness: GIS can play a vital role in the identification of resources and areas which are at risk. The link between partners and critical agencies is established by GIS and the use of GIS in the establishment of that link will help disaster managers to know the location of stations of relevant partner agencies. In the context of Disaster Management, maps of GIS can provide information on the human resources present in an Emergency Operation Centre as well as on the ground personnel such as security, health providers and other key responders. This is particularly useful since the technology can help with strategic placement of emergency personnel where it matters most. Through GIS we can make sure that communication networks and road infrastructure are capable of handling the effe